| Republic of Adygea | |||
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| Республика Адыгея (Russian) Адыгэ Республик (Adyghe) |
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| — Republic — | |||
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| Anthem: Anthem of the Republic of Adygea | |||
| Coordinates: | |||
| Political status | |||
| Country | Russia | ||
| Federal district | Southern[1] | ||
| Economic region | North Caucasus[2] | ||
| Established | July 27, 1922[3] | ||
| Capital | Maykop[4] | ||
| Government (as of March 2010) | |||
| - Head[5] | Aslan Tkhakushinov[6] | ||
| - Legislature | State Council (Khase)[5] | ||
| Statistics | |||
| Area (as of the 2002 Census)[7] | |||
| - Total | 7,600 km2 (2,934.4 sq mi) | ||
| Area rank | 80th | ||
| Population (2010 Census)[8] | |||
| - Total | 439,996 | ||
| - Rank | 74th | ||
| - Density | 57.89 /km2 (149.9 /sq mi) | ||
| - Urban | 50.9% | ||
| - Rural | 49.1% | ||
| Time zone(s) | MSD (UTC+04:00)[9] | ||
| ISO 3166-2 | RU-AD | ||
| License plates | 01 | ||
| Official languages | Russian;[10] Adyghe[11] | ||
| http://www.adygheya.ru/ | |||
The Republic of Adygea (English pronunciation: /ɑːdɨˈɡeɪ.ə/;[12] Russian: Респу́блика Адыге́я, tr. Respublika Adygeya; IPA: [ɐdɨˈɡʲejə]; Adyghe: Адыгэ Республик, Adıge Respublik) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic) enclaved within Krasnodar Krai. Its area is 7,600 square kilometers (2,900 sq mi) with a population of 439,996 (2010 Census).[8] Its capital is the city of Maykop.
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Adygea lies in southeastern Europe in the northern foothills of the Caucasus Mountains, with plains in the north and mountains in the south. Forests cover almost 40% of its territory.
The 870-kilometer (540 mi) long Kuban River is one of the major navigable rivers in the Caucasus region. It forms part of the northern border between Adygea and Krasnodar Krai. Other rivers include:
The republic has no large lakes. However, the several large reservoirs include:
The republic's major mountains range in height from 2,000 to 3,238 m and include:
The republic is rich in oil and natural gas. Other natural resources include gold, silver, tungsten, and iron.
The Adyghe people, sometimes known as Circassians, were the ancient dwellers of the North-West Caucasus since the 13th century.
Cherkess (Adyghe) Autonomous Oblast was established within the Russian SFSR on July 27, 1922, on the territories of Kuban-Black Sea Oblast, primarily settled by the Adyghe people. At that time, Krasnodar was the administrative center. It was renamed Adyghe (Cherkess) Autonomous Oblast on August 24, 1922, soon after its creation. In the first two years of its existence the autonomous oblast was a part of the Russian SFSR, but on October 17, 1924, it was transferred to the jurisdiction of the newly created North Caucasus Krai within the RSFSR.[14]
It was renamed Adyghe Autonomous Oblast (AO) in July 1928. On January 10, 1934, the autonomous oblast became part of new Azov-Black Sea Krai, which was removed from North Caucasus Krai. Maykop was made the administrative center of the autonomous oblast in 1936. Adyghe AO became part of Krasnodar Krai when it was established on September 13, 1937.
On July 3, 1991, the oblast was elevated to the status of a republic under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation. The first President of the republic was Aslan Aliyevich Dzharimov, elected in January 1992. From 2002 to 2007, Hazret Sovmen was President. He, and most of the rest of the political elite in Adygea, are Adyghes. As a reaction to that, an organization calling itself the Union of Slavs was established, claiming that ethnic Russians are discriminated against in Adygea. They advocate the merger of Adygea with Krasnodar Krai, but have so far have had little support for that proposition from the Russian government.
The Republic of Adygea is administratively divided into seven districts (raions), two cities/towns, and five urban-type settlements. Municipally, the republic is divided into two urban okrugs, five urban settlements, and 46 rural settlements.
| Average population (x 1000) | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 386 | 5,681 | 3,307 | 2,374 | 14.7 | 8.6 | 6.2 |
| 1975 | 396 | 5,900 | 3,907 | 1,993 | 14.9 | 9.9 | 5.0 |
| 1980 | 409 | 6,610 | 4,828 | 1,782 | 16.2 | 11.8 | 4.4 |
| 1985 | 423 | 6,966 | 5,283 | 1,683 | 16.5 | 12.5 | 4.0 |
| 1990 | 436 | 6,171 | 5,375 | 796 | 14.2 | 12.3 | 1.8 |
| 1991 | 439 | 5,912 | 5,905 | 7 | 13.5 | 13.5 | 0.0 |
| 1992 | 444 | 5,306 | 5,969 | - 663 | 12.0 | 13.5 | -1.5 |
| 1993 | 447 | 4,774 | 6,662 | -1 888 | 10.7 | 14.9 | -4.2 |
| 1994 | 449 | 4,907 | 6,519 | -1 612 | 10.9 | 14.5 | -3.6 |
| 1995 | 450 | 4,798 | 6,475 | -1 677 | 10.7 | 14.4 | -3.7 |
| 1996 | 450 | 4,625 | 6,382 | -1 757 | 10.3 | 14.2 | -3.9 |
| 1997 | 450 | 4,430 | 6,302 | -1 872 | 9.8 | 14.0 | -4.2 |
| 1998 | 451 | 4,340 | 6,245 | -1 905 | 9.6 | 13.9 | -4.2 |
| 1999 | 450 | 3,879 | 6,215 | -2 336 | 8.6 | 13.8 | -5.2 |
| 2000 | 448 | 4,071 | 6,710 | -2 639 | 9.1 | 15.0 | -5.9 |
| 2001 | 447 | 4,212 | 6,566 | -2 354 | 9.4 | 14.7 | -5.3 |
| 2002 | 447 | 4,540 | 6,715 | -2 175 | 10.2 | 15.0 | -4.9 |
| 2003 | 446 | 4,634 | 6,929 | -2 295 | 10.4 | 15.6 | -5.2 |
| 2004 | 444 | 4,648 | 6,645 | -1 997 | 10.5 | 15.0 | -4.5 |
| 2005 | 443 | 4,550 | 6,726 | -2 176 | 10.3 | 15.2 | -4.9 |
| 2006 | 441 | 4,606 | 6,686 | -2 080 | 10.4 | 15.2 | -4.7 |
| 2007 | 440 | 5,210 | 6,454 | -1 244 | 11.8 | 14.7 | -2.8 |
| 2008 | 440 | 5,601 | 6,558 | - 957 | 12.7 | 14.9 | -2.2 |
| 2009 | 439 | 5,513 | 6,219 | - 706 | 12.5 | 14.2 | -1.6 |
| 2010 | 440 | 5,688 | 6,188 | - 500 | 12.9 | 14.1 | -1.1 |
According to the 2010 Census,[8] ethnic Russians make up 63.6% of the republic's total population, while the ethnic Adyghe are only 25.2%. Other groups include Armenians (3.7%), Ukrainians (1.4%), Kurds (1.1%), Tatars (0.6%).
| Ethnic group |
1926 Census | 1939 Census | 1959 Census | 1970 Census | 1979 Census | 1989 Census | 2002 Census | 2010 Census1 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| Adyghe | 50,821 | 44.8% | 55,048 | 22.8% | 65,908 | 23.2% | 81,478 | 21.1% | 86,388 | 21.4% | 95,439 | 22.1% | 108,115 | 24.2% | 107,048 | 25.2% |
| Russians | 29,102 | 25.6% | 171,960 | 71.1% | 200,492 | 70.4% | 276,537 | 71.7% | 285,626 | 70.6% | 293,640 | 68.0% | 288,280 | 64.5% | 270,714 | 63.6% |
| Armenians | 738 | 0.7% | 2,348 | 1.0% | 3,013 | 1.1% | 5,217 | 1.4% | 6,359 | 1.6% | 10,460 | 2.4% | 15,268 | 3.4% | 15,561 | 3.7% |
| Ukrainians | 26,405 | 23.3% | 6,130 | 2.5% | 7,988 | 2.8% | 11,214 | 2.9% | 12,078 | 3.0% | 13,755 | 3.2% | 9,091 | 2.0% | 5,856 | 1.4% |
| Others | 6,415 | 5.7% | 6,313 | 2.6% | 7,289 | 2.6% | 11,198 | 2.9% | 13,939 | 3.4% | 18,752 | 4.3% | 26,355 | 5.9% | 14,093 | 3.3% |
| 1 14,610 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[17] | ||||||||||||||||
The chief executive of the government of Adygea is the Head (called "President" until May 2011), who is appointed for a five-year term. Proficiency in the Adyghe language is a prerequisite for the candidate.[18]
The current Head, Aslan Tkhakushinov (since January 13, 2007), succeeded Hazret Sovmen, appointed by Vladimir Putin, although he received only 2% of the vote in 2002.[19] There is also a directly elected State Council (Khase or Xase—not to be confused with the Adyghe Khase, a union of Adyghe who supported Sovmen for a second term), which comprises the Council of Representatives and the Council of the Republic. Both councils are elected every five years and have 27 deputies each.
The republic sends three representatives to the parliament of the Russian Federation; one to the State Duma and the other two to the Federation Council.
The Constitution of the Republic of Adygea was adopted on May 14, 1995.
Even though it is now one of the poorest parts of Russia, the republic has abundant forests and rich soil. The region is famous for producing grain, sunflowers, tea, tobacco, and other produce. Hog and sheep breeding are also developed.
Food, timber, woodworking, pulp and paper, heavy engineering, and metal-working are the most developed industries.
There is a small airport in Maykop (ICAO airport code URKM). Several rail lines pass through the republic.
The Adyghe language (Adyghabze) is a member of the Northwest Caucasian group of Caucasian languages. Along with Russian, Adyghe is the official language of the republic.
There are 8 state and 23 public museums in the republic. The largest museum is the National Museum of the Republic of Adygea in Maykop.
Adyghe State University and Maykop State Technological University, both in the capital Maykop, are the two major higher education facilities in Adygea.
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